Sapaan/greetings
Sesama teman umumnya hanya saling mengucapkan “Hi”. Kemudian mereka juga sering melontarkan pertanyaan umum semisal:
“How are you?” (yang disebut guru saya tidak kreatif)
“How are you doing?” (tidak formal)
“How’s it going?” (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“How’s tricks?” (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“How are things? (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“Haven’t seen you for ages” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“Great to see you again” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“How’s life?” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“Watcha!” (sangat tidak formal dan hanya digunakan untuk teman dekat)
“What’s up?” (sangat tidak formal dan hanya digunakan untuk teman dekat)
“How do you do?” (formal)
“Good day, Sir/Madam!” (sangat formal)
Pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti ini umumnya dijawab dengan jawaban yang positif, seperti:
“Fine” (yang juga disebut guru saya monoton)
“Pretty good”
“Not bad”
“Can’t complain”
“Never been better”
“Fabulous”
“Fantastic”
Sebaiknya, setelah melontarkan jawaban ini, Anda mengucapkan terima
kasih. Misalnya, ucapkanlah “Not bad, thanks.” Praktek ini sangat umum
di kalangan para penutur asli.
Sedangkan, untuk menyapa orang yang belum Anda kenal, lebih pantas
menggunakan “Hello.” Untuk situasi yang lebih formal, gunakan “Good
morning / afternoon / evening.”
Lawan bicara Anda umumnya akan menjawab dengan
greetings yang sama dengan yang Anda lontarkan sebelumnya – kecuali bila sebelumnya Anda melontarkan
greetings
berupa pertanyaan. Bila Anda mengucapkan “Hello,” lawan bicara Anda
akan membalas dengan “Hello.” Bila Anda mengucapkan “Good morning,”
lawan bicara Anda juga akan membalas dengan “Good morning.”
Ada satu pengecualian di sini, yaitu untuk “How do you do?”. “How do
you do?” merupakan sapaan yang cukup formal dalam British English.
Balasan untuk sapaan ini adalah dengan mengulang kembali pertanyaan
tersebut. Terkesan aneh memang, tetapi begitulah aturan tak tertulisnya.
“How do you do?” sebenarnya bukan merupakan pertanyaan. Kalimat
tersebut memiliki arti yang sama dengan “Hello.”
Ucapan selamat tinggal
Penting juga untuk mengucapkan selamat tinggal saat Anda akan pergi.
Berikut adalah ucapan selamat tinggal untuk situasi informal:
“Goodbye” atau “Bye”
“See you (later)”
“Later”
Untuk situasi formal:
“Good morning / afternoon / evening”
“It was a pleasure seeing you”
“Goodbye”
“Good night” (umumnya setelah lewat pukul 8 malam)
PENGERTIAN ANNOUNCEMENT
Pengertian Announcement
Announcement berasal dari kata announce; dalam bahasa Inggris kata kerja
announce bermakna "make a formal public declaration about a fact,
occurrence, or intention. Jadi bisa dikatakan "announcement" bermakna
pemberitahuan fakta, kejadian atau niat, baik tertulis atau terucap yang
disampaikan kepada publik.
Salah satu materi kelas X adalah Announcement. Berikut ini adalah
contoh teks dan pertanyaan yang bisa dibacakan oleh guru sebagai latihan
Listening untuk siswa. Sebelumnya, guru bisa memperkenalkan kata-kata
yang dianggap sulit kepada siswa.
Text 1
Attention, please!
Continental executive bus will be leaving for Bukit Tinggi through Pekan Baru at 14.40. would passengers now board the bus?
Text 2
Beta supermarket New Year sale. We offer special prices for the
following items only for a week. You can get one kilo of sugar, regular
price: Rp. 6.800,- for only Rp. 5.000 rupiah. Ten kilograms of rice,
regular price: Rp. 70.000,- for only 50.000,- Don’t miss it.
Text 3
Thank you for visiting our show room. Here, we are going to show you a
new product. A fantastic vacuum cleaner and how it works. First, fix
the hose. Plug the cord into the socket. Then start the vacuum cleaner
by pushing the on button. No sweeping no wasting time.
Simpati merupakan perpanjangan dari kepedulian empatik, atau persepsi, pemahaman, dan reaksi terhadap tekanan atau kebutuhan manusia lain [1]. Ini keprihatinan empatik didorong oleh perubahan sudut pandang, dari perspektif pribadi untuk perspektif kelompok lain atau individu yang membutuhkan. Empati dan simpati sering digunakan secara bergantian, tetapi dua istilah memiliki asal-usul yang berbeda dan makna [2] Empati mengacu pada pemahaman dan berbagi keadaan emosional tertentu dengan orang lain.. Simpati, bagaimanapun, tidak memerlukan pembagian keadaan emosional yang sama. Sebaliknya, simpati adalah kekhawatiran untuk kesejahteraan lain. Meskipun simpati mungkin dimulai dengan berempati dengan emosi yang sama orang lain adalah perasaan, simpati dapat diperpanjang dengan negara lainnya emosional.
Sympathy is an extension of
empathic concern, or the perception, understanding, and reaction to the distress or need of another human being.
[1]
This empathic concern is driven by a switch in viewpoint, from a
personal perspective to the perspective of another group or individual
who is in need.
Empathy and sympathy are often used interchangeably, but the two terms have distinct origins and meanings.
[2]
Empathy refers to the understanding and sharing of a specific emotional
state with another person. Sympathy, however, does not require the
sharing of the same emotional state. Instead, sympathy is a concern for
the well-being of another. Although sympathy may begin with empathizing
with the same emotion another person is feeling, sympathy can be
extended to other emotional states.
Advertisement text? maksudnya iklan dengan menggunakan teks?
iklan
sebenarnya tidak hanya berupa teks saja; dengan semakin banyaknya media
informasi, advertisement (iklan) kini sangat beragam, bisa berupa
gambar, audio, video, audio-video, flash banner, dll.
Dalam pelajaran bahasa Inggris, advertisement, adalah salah satu
short functional text yang sering ditugaskan guru kepada siswa tingkat menengah, benar tidak? :)
Pelajaran membuat advertisement menjadi
sangat penting melihat perkembangan dunia marketing di Indonesia yang
semakin pesat saja. Suatu saat juga sobat "mungkin" merasakan pentingnya
iklan; jadi jangan meremehkan pelajaran satu ini.
Untuk tahap awal pembelajaran pembuatan iklan, sobat hanya butuh "kata-kata sederhana",
tidak usah terlalu serius memikirkan agar iklan sobat menarik, kan cuma
contoh saja. Namun jika ingin membuat contoh advertisement yang lebih
baik, banyak cara yang bisa sobat lakukan. Misalnya saja, membuat iklan
lucu atau iklan yang kontroversial sekalipun.. intinya iklan kita bisa
mengundang pembaca tertarik..
Jika
advertisement tersebut tentang makanan, cobalah buat iklan yang
sekiranya pembaca ingin mencicipi makanan tersebut, jika perlu tambahkan
diskon harga, misalnya saja :
Nasi Goreng Mak Imah
Visit Mak Imah restaurant to get the best fried rice.
The new recipe ever made from the angel
It's tasty; with 50 % discount; You will not hungry for days!!!
Find us on 23 Sriwijaya Street,Cirebon
Jika
belum bisa memilih kata-kata bahasa Inggris yang tepat, sobat bisa
menggunakan bahasa Indonesia terlebih dahulu; setelah itu bisa buka
kamus untuk menerjemahkannya ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Alternatif lain
adalah menggunakan google translate, atau kamus online indonesia-inggris
lainnya..
Untuk
melengkapi pembahasan advertisement text ini, silahkan pelajari
beberapa contoh teks iklan berbahasa Inggris di bawah ini :
Contoh Job Advertisement (iklan lowongan kerja)
JOB ADVERTISEMENT
Teaching Positions 2012
SMA Maya Englishindo
SMA Maya Englishindo seeks applications from suitably qualified teachers
for positions commencing April 2012. Applicants are invited to visit
the website for more details, including a full position description, of
the position advertised below.
Teacher of English and SOSE.
Full-time permanent position.
Applications including CV and the names of three referees should be sent
to: The Principal's Assistant, SMA Maya Englishindo, 22 Empty Road,
Dunia Maya, 6666.
Applications close Wednesday 01 April 2012
Contoh English Course Advertisement (Iklan Kursus bahasa Inggris)
Using the best course method of teaching
With a qualified teacher
You will get the right place to learn English
Be communicative with us
Never think anymore; PRACTICE!!!
100 % money back if you can't speak English
Interested? Find us on 211 Sky Road, Jakarta.
Semoga
contoh advertisement di atas bisa bermanfaat... Intinya, cari kata-kata yang tepat untuk iklan sobat. Jangan sampai
gadget advertisement berisi kata-kata tentang
restoran!! :)
Expressing happiness is that we show when we are happy or glad.
We can expressing happiness with :
¤ Word.
¤ Gesture.
Kind of expressing happiness :
¤ I like.
¤ I love.
¤ I'm statisfied with ……
¤ I'm pleased with ……
¤ Congratulation.
¤ I'm very happy because ……
¤ Well down.
¤ That's fantastic !
¤ That's good !
¤ That's great !
¤ That's wonderfull !
¤ That's exciting.
¤ I'm so happy for you.
¤ I'm happy to hear that.
¤ I'm glad to know that.
¤ I'm so happy to know it.
¤ My happiness for you.
¤ I'm very happy with you.
Example of happiness expression:
Ione : I get the birthday present from my mother, yesterday !
Edhep : Fantastic! This great.
Present Perfect Tense menekankan pada PERFECT nya itu. Perfect kan artinya “sempurna”.
Anda menekankan pada “SUDAH” nya itu maka gunakanlah Present Perfect
Tense ini. Contoh yang paling mengena misalnya: Dia baru saja pergi (She
has just gone).
Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense begini:
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S + V3
Nah, setelah Subject (S) maka pakai “have” atau “has” sesuai pasangannya.
Have
dalam konteks ini artinya adalah: sudah, telah, barusan. Yang aneh
dalam bahasa inggris Have + ES bukan Haves tetapi HAS. Jadi pasangannya
begini:
He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has
You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have
Contoh Present Perfect Tense
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?
Ingat, bukan She has go, bukan pula She has going, tidak pula She has goes. “Go” itu adalah
kata kerja yang bentuk ketiganya adalah “gone”. Urutan perubahan bentuk
kata kerja untuk Go adalah: Go-went-gone.
Contoh lainnya:
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes
-You have read my lesson since 2 PM
Perhatikan perubahan kata kerja:
Write – wrote – written (berubah)
Read – read – read (lah kok sama? haha..)
Saya ulangi
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes.
Artinya:
Saya telah menulis pelajaran bahasa inggris selama 30 menit.
Dalam kalimat diatas, ditekankan “telah” nya itu dan sekarang sudah
beres, sudah tidak lagi menulis. Tetapi jika penekanan Anda pada “30
menit yang lalunya” maka Anda gunakan
Past Tense yang lebih cocok.
Contoh lainnya lagi, kalimat positif:
-I have cleaned the floor
-He has drunk milk
-You have just broken the glass
Gimana kalimat negatifnya? He has not drunk milk! Anda coba yang dua lagi ya.
Kalimat Tanya dalam Present Perfect Tense ya tinggal dibalik mawon
sesuai rumus diatas tadi. Ingat jangan lupa pasangannya untuk “Have” dan
“Has”.
-Has She drunk milk?
Dalam bahasa Inggris Present Tense atau Simple Present Tense
digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian, kegiatan, aktivitas
dan sebagainya yang terjadi saat ini. Present Tense juga digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu Fakta, atau sesuatu yang tejadi berulang-ulang dimasa
KINI. Ingat,
PRESENT artinya adalah kini, sekarang.
Rumusnya ::
Positif: S + V1 (s/es)
Negatif: S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1
Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1
Contoh Kalimat Positif ::
I drink coffee
She drinks coffe
We drink coffee
Cara Membaca Rumus:
S artinya Subject, V1 artinya Verb1 atau kata kerja bentuk pertama. Garis miring artinya ya Atau dong!.
Kapan pakai S atau ES dan kapan tidak?
Kalau Subjectnya He, She, It, John, Mufli, Ellen atau
Orang ketiga TUNGGAL maka kata kerjanya tambah S atau ES. Tidak sembarang tambah S atau ES
Di atas tadi ada istilah
Orang Ketiga Tunggal, maksudnya gini:
Orang ketiga adalah orang yang kita bicarakan, yang kita omongin.
Sedangkan orang pertama ya yang bicara. Orang kedua lawan bicara.
Tunggal ya satu. Jadi orang ketiga tunggal adalah orang yang kita
bicarakan dan satu saja dia itu. Misalnya kita berdua ngomongin John
Scoping. Yang ngomong saya, yang dengar Anda, yang dibicarakan John
Scoping (orang ketiga tunggal).
John Scoping belajar Tenses.
John Scoping learnS english.
Tidak bisa LearnES, mengapa? ya memang begitu!. Tetapi yang ini malah tambah ES:
John Scoping goES to School (tambah ES).
Kalimat Negatif Present Tense
Bentuk Negatif, artinya menyatakan TIDAK. Maka
sesuai rumus Present Tense, setelah SUBJECT ditambah DO atau DOES, baru
NOT, lalu tambah kata kerja bentuk pertama tanpa S atau ES lagi. S atau
ES nya dimana? Sudah di doES tadi.
Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY tambah DO
Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen tambah DOES
I do not drink coffee.
She does not drink coffee.
John Scoping does not learn english.
Coba perhatikan
She does not drink coffee. Drink nya tidak pake S lagi, pindah ke doES.
Kalimat Tanya Present Tense
Kalimat tanya untuk Present Tense sesuai rumus diatas, atau saya tulis lagi seperti ini:
Tanya:
DO/DOES + S + V1
Sama saja pasangannya. Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY gunakan DO. Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen gunakan DOES. Contohnya begini:
Kalimat positifnya: I drink coffee
Kalimat tanya menjadi: DO you drink cofee?
Kalimat positif: She drinks coffe
Kalimat tanya: DOES She drink coffee?
Kalimat tanya seperti diatas disebut juga YES/NO Question. Karena
jawabannya memang Yes atau No. Do You drink coffee? “Yes I do” jawabnya.
Atau bisa bisa dijawab dengan lengkap: “Yes, I do drink coffee”.
Dihilangkan DO nya juga boleh, menjadi kalimat positif lagi: “Yes I
drink coffee”.
Nah, kalau tadi kan
Kalimat Tanya Present Tense yang
jawabannya Yes atau No doang. Gimana kalau pertanyaan yang jawabannya
panjang atau yang jawabannya kalimat? Yah, tinggal tambahkan saja When,
Where, Why, Who, What, dsb di depannya. Contohnya begini:
-When Do you drink coffee?
Contoh jawaban: I drink coffee everyday.
-What does she drink?
She drinks coffee la yau!
Pengertian Vocabulary
Kosakata (Inggris: vocabulary) adalah himpunan kata yang diketahui oleh
seseorang atau entitas lain, atau merupakan bagian dari suatu bahasa
tertentu. Kosakata seseorang didefinisikan sebagai himpunan semua
kata-kata yang dimengerti oleh orang tersebut atau semua kata-kata yang
kemungkinan akan digunakan oleh orang tersebut untuk menyusun kalimat
baru. Kekayaan kosakata seseorang secara umum dianggap merupakan
gambaran dari intelegensia atau tingkat pendidikannya. Karenanya banyak
ujian standar, seperti SAT, yang memberikan pertanyaan yang menguji
kosakata.
Penambahan kosakata seseorang secara umum dianggap
merupakan bagian penting, baik dari proses pembelajaran suatu bahasa
ataupun pengembangan kemampuan seseorang dalam suatu bahasa yang sudah
dikuasai. Murid sekolah sering diajarkan kata-kata baru sebagai bagian
dari mata pelajaran tertentu dan banyak pula orang dewasa yang
menganggap pembentukan kosakata sebagai suatu kegiatan yang menarik dan
edukatif.
Recount Text atau Teks Experiences merupakan teks yang berisi dan
menggambarkan pengalaman masa lalu dengan menceritakan kembali peristiwa
dalam urutan yang terjadi (kronologis). Tujuan dari recount text atau
experiences teks adalah untuk menceritakan kembali peristiwa dengan
tujuan baik menginformasikan atau menghibur audiens.
Satu
yang harus diperhatikan dalam membuat recount text adalah TENSES. Jenis
tenses yang digunakan pada text model recount adalah lampau atau Simple
Past Tense. Lalu bagaimana dengan struktur isi teksnya? Silahkan lihat
pola umum yang biasa ditemukan dalam recount text dibawah ini:
Generic Structure of Recount
1.
Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time.
(Menceritakan siapa saja yang terlibat dalam cerita, apa yang terjadi,
di mana tempat peristiwa terjadi, dan kapan terjadi peristiwanya)
2.
Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past.
(Menceritakan apa yang terjadi (lagi) dan menceritakan urutan ceritanya)
3.
Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer
to the story. ("Reorientation" berisi komentar pribadi penulis cerita
dan penutup cerita / akhir cerita)
Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense
Contoh Recount Text "My Horrible Experiences
Let
me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the
earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my
vocation to Bali.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the
left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an
earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and
electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then
I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the
rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere.
There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my
house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised
that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage
to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was
seriously injured.
Contoh / Example Recount Text "My Holiday in Bali"
When
I was 2nd grade of senior high school, my friends and I went to Bali.
We were there for three days. I had many impressive experiences during
the vacation.
First day, we visited Sanur Beach in the morning.
We saw the beautiful sunrise together. It was a great scenery. Then, we
checked in to the hotel. After prepared our selves, we went to Tanah
Lot. We met so many other tourists there. They were not only domestic
but also foreign tourists.
Second day, we enjoyed the day on
Tanjung Benoa beach. We played so many water sports such as banana boat,
jetsky, speedboat etc. We also went to Penyu island to see many unique
animals. They were turtles, snakes, and sea birds. We were very happy.
In the afternoon, we went to Kuta Beach to see the amazing sunset and
enjoyed the beautiful wave.
The last day, we spent our time in
Sangeh. We could enjoy the green and shady forest. There were so many
monkies. They were so tame but sometimes they could be naughty. We could
make a close interaction with them. After that, we went to Sukowati
market for shopping. That was my lovely time. I bought some Bali T-Shirt
and souvenirs.
In the evening, we had to check out from the hotel. We went back home bringing so many amazing memories of Bali.
PENGERTIAN PROCEDURE TEXT
Ada
tiga definisi "umum" mengenai procedure text : (1)Texts that explain
how something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g.
how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier,
the fax. (2) Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g.
recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules. (3)
Texts that deal with human behaviour eg how to live happily, how to
succeed.
Dari
keterangan di atas, dapat kita garis bawahi bahwa procedure text adalah
(1) Teks yang menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu bekerja atau teks yang
menjelaskan cara menggunakan pedoman instruksi / penggunaan. contoh :
cara menggunakan video, komputer, mesin fotokopi, fax dll. (2) Teks yang
menunjukan cara melakukan aktifitas tertentu. contoh : resep, aturan
bermain game, eksperimen ilmiah, aturan keamanan berkendara. (3) Teks
yang berhubungan dengan tingkah laku manusia. contoh : cara hidup
bahagian, cara sukses. dll..
The
purpose procedural text is to tell the reader how to do or make
something. The information is presented in a logical sequence of events
which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These texts are usually
written in the present tense. The most common example of a procedural
text is a recipe.
Tujuan
procedure text adalah memberitahu pembaca cara melakukan / membuat
sesuatu. Informasi disajikan dengan urutan peristiwa yang logis.
Peristiwa tersebut biasanya dibagi menjadi beberapa langkah-langkah
terpisah. Teks ini biasanya ditulis menggunakan present tense. Contoh
paling umum procedure text adalah resep masakan.
GENERIC STRUCTURE OF PROCEDURE TEXT
Seperti halnya pengertian procedure text di atas, generic structure (susunan umum) procedure text juga ada tiga :
(1) Goal (Maksud atau tujuan)
(2) Material Needed (Materi / alat / bahan yang dibutuhkan)
(3) Methods or Steps (Metode / langkah-langkah)
Catatan
: Pada procedure text yang berupa How-to ("Pokoknya berjudul how to"),
kadang material needed (materi yang dibutuhkan) tidak disertakan.
(aturan tidak wajib sih dan bisa diubah2 kok :)
CONTOH PROCEDURE TEXT - NASI GORENG "FRIED RICE"
Nasi goreng, "fried rice" is a familiar food from Indonesia; if you want to know how to prepare nasi goreng this is the procedure how to make nasi goreng. Just follow this explanation :
Ingredients :
- 350 gr. Long Grain Rice
- 2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil
- 3 Eggs
- 1 Onion
- 2 Green Chillis, Sambal Ulek or Sambal Badjak.
- 1 Garlic Clove
- 1 Leek
- 1 teaspoon Ground Coriander
- 1 teaspoon Ground Cumin
- 250 gr. Chicken meat
- 250 gr. Shelled Prawns
- 3 Tbs. Kecap Manis
Steps :
This
dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh
batch and leave it to cool for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make
into a omelette, slice into strips and set aside. Heat the oil in a wok
or large frying pan. Add the chopped onion, leek, garlic and chillis.
Fry until the onion is soft. Add the Coriander and Cumin. Slice Chicken
into strips and add with the prawns to the onion mixture and cook,
stirring occasionally until they are well mixed. Add the rice, soya
sauce and omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes.Decorate with
some of the leftover leek and serve hot. Enjoy.
CONTOH PROCEDURE TEXT - HOW TO RIDE A BICYCLE
- Sitting on the bike, make sure you know where the brakes are and how to operate them.
- You have to learn to balance the bike.
Find a person who can hold your bike behind you and try to steady it
as you pedal. Also find a place to ride that is grassy or such.
- After practicing for a couple minutes, the person can release his or her hands while you try to keep your balance.
- When you are ready, ride alone. But first lower the seat until you can sit on it and put both feet flat on the ground.
- When
you are confident you can put your feet on the pedals and coast for a
few feet, try not putting your feet down to train your sense of balance. Do this for 30-45 minutes or so, until you have a good feel and some confidence about steering the bike.
- As you gain experience, raise the seat up so that only your toes can touch the ground while you are seated. This is the more appropriate height for your seat.
- Finally, you have to practice.
- Once you can balance, pedal, start, and stop, you're a bicycle rider. Congratulations!
Untuk
sementara, contoh-contoh procedure text hanya bisa disajikan dua saja.
Semoga bisa disajikan lebih banyak lagi agar sobat bisa mengetahui cara
membuat dan mempraktikkan procedure text. :)
Narrative Text / Penjelasan & Contoh
Pernah mendapat tugas membuat narrative text?
Atau sedang membuat skripsi bahasa Inggris dengan variable narrative
text? Santai saja, di sini akan dijelaskan secara singkat mengenai teks
naratif.
Narrative text,
dalam mata kuliah writing and composition biasanya disebut narration,
adalah salah satu jenis teks dalam sebuah bahasa. Biasanya, narrative
text (teks naratif) berisi tentang cerita--baik cerita fiksi, cerita
non-fiksi, dongeng, cerita rakyat, cerita binatang / fabel dll, pokoknya
semua hal tentang cerita ya narrative namanya... :-)
Pengertian Narrative Text
Disebutkan bahwa A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people (teks narasi adalah cerita imaginatif yang bertujuan menghibur orang).
Jika melihat pada kamus bahasa Inggris, secara harfiah narrative bermakna (1)
a spoken or written account of connected events; a story. (2) the
narrated part of a literary work, as distinct from dialogue. (3) the
practice or art of narration.
(Narrative
bermakna : 1. sebuah cerita baik terucap atau tertulis tentang
peristiwa-peristiwa yang berhubungan. 2. bagian yang diceritakan dalam
sebuah karya sastra, berbeda dengan dialog. 3. Praktik atau seni
bercerita)
Jika
disimpulkan, maka sebuah narrative text adalah teks yang berisi sebuah
cerita baik tertulis ataupun tidak tertulis dan terdapat rangkaian
peristiwa yang saling terhubung.
Generic Structure dari Narrative Text
Bagi sobat yang masih duduk di bangku
sekolah tingkat menengah, penjelasan mengenai narrative texts tak usah
sulit-sulit ya.. Intinya, narrative text ini mempunyai struktur /
susunan seperti di bawah ini :
- Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana)
- Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)
- Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, --- secara baik "happy ending" ataupun buruk "bad ending".
Kadangkala susunan (generic structure) narrative text bisa berisi: Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution dan Reorientation. Meski “Evaluation” dan “Reorientation” merupakan optional; bisa ditambahkan dan bisa tidak. Evaluation berisi penilaian/evaluasi terhadap jalannya cerita atau konflik. Sedangkan Reorientation berisi penyimpulan isi akhir cerita.
Jika sudah mahir membuat cerita
narrative, susunannya bisa diubah-ubah kok, yang terpenting
bagian-bagian di atas masih tetap ada dalam tulisan narrative sobat.
Grammar Used dalam Narrative Text
Grammar (tata bahasa) yang sering muncul dalam membuat narrative text adalah:
Menggunakan tenses "Past", baik simple,
past perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, atau bisa saja
past future continuous. (aturan ini bukan aturan wajib yang mutlak harus
dipenuhi )
Contoh Narrative Text (1)
Sincere Will Get a Great Return
Once
upon a time, there was a kingdom named Auretto, all people lived
peacefully there. One of them was Charlita, the king’s daughter who was
assumed as the most beautiful and kindest Princess of Auretto.
One
day, Charlita looked blue. Because of that her father got confused.
“What’s the matter my beautiful daughter? Why are you so sad?” asked
King Fernando. Charlita was just silent. She did not say anything.
Then,
King Fernando decided to make a competition to cheer Charlita again.
After that, the palace representative announce: “I will make a
competition. The aim is to make my daughter, Princess Charlita to be
happy and laugh again. Everyone who can do it, will get a prize. It will
be held tomorrow when the sun rises. Sign: King Fernando.”
The
following morning, everybody came to the palace, tried to give their
best performance. They seemed happy and laugh, but not for Princess
Charlita. She was just silent and still looked sad.
King
Fernando started to give up. No one amused his daughter. Then, there
came a young handsome man. “Excuse me King Fernando. I would like to
join your competition. But, would you mind if I took Princess Charlita
for a walk?” said the young man gently. “As long as you make my
daughter be happy again, it will totally alright.” said King Fernando.
The young handsome man took Princess Charlita for a walk in a beautiful
blue lake with a green forest around it. Princess Charlita smiled and
looked happy after that. Every body looked happy, too. “I know why are
you so my beautiful daughter. Now, I promise I will environment green. I
regret for always destroying it. Finally, the environment around the
kingdom became so beautiful and green, full of plants. Then, the young
handsome man got a prize from the king. “I will marry you off my
daughter.” said him. “That is the prize I promise for you. Thanks for
keeping our environment well. Thanks for making my daughter happy
again.”
Contoh Narrative Text (2)
The Legend of Rawa Pening
Once
upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village.
He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for
some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little
boy.
Finally,
a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the
boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden
mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there
is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The
“lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued
his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many
people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick
stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that
stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the
little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck
so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very
easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.
Suddenly,
from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until
it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the
little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As
she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old
woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa
Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.
Penjelasan Narrative Text (untuk tingkat Mahir)
Untuk
mengetahui definisi dan penjelasan tentang narration (narrative text)
sobat mahasiswa dan mahasiswi bisa membaca buku buku tentang writing di
perpustakaan terdekat dan terlengkap, dan disini saya hanya akan
mengutipkan pendapat Thomas S. Kane (2000: 363-364) di bawah ini:
A
narrative is a meaningful sequence of events told in words. It is
sequential in that the events are ordered, not merely random. Sequence
always involves an arrangement in time (and usually other arrangements
as well). A straightforward movement from the first event to the last
constitutes the simplest chronology. However, chronology is sometimes
complicated by presenting the events in another order: for example, a
story may open with the final episode and then flash back to all that
preceded it.
A narrative has meaning in that it conveys an evaluation of some kind.
The writer reacts to the story he or she tells, and states or implies
that reaction. This is the "meaning," sometimes called the "theme," of a
story. Meaning must always be rendered. The writer has to do more than
tell us the truth he sees in the story; he must manifest that truth in
the characters and the action.
Characters and action are the essential elements of any story. Also
important, but not as essential, is the setting, the place where the
action occurs. Characters are usually people—sometimes actual people, as
in history books or newspaper stories, sometimes imaginary ones, as in
novels. Occasionally characters are animals (as in an Aesop fable), and
sometimes a dominant feature of the environment functions almost like a
character (the sea, an old house).
The action is what the characters say and do and anything that happens
to them, even if it arises from a nonhuman source—a storm, for instance,
or a fire. Action is often presented in the form of a plot. Action is,
so to speak, the raw material; plot, the finished product, the fitting
together of the bits and pieces of action into a coherent pattern.
Usually, though not invariably, plot takes the form of a cause-and
effect chain: event A produces event B; B leads to C; C to D; and so on
until the final episode, X. In a well-constructed plot of this kind we
can work back from X to A and see the connections that made the end of
the story likely and perhaps inevitable.
Stories
can be very long and complicated, with many characters, elaborate
plots, and subtle interpenetration of character, action, and setting. In
writing that is primarily expository, however, narratives are shorter
and simpler. Most often they are factual rather than imaginary, as when
an historian describes an event. And often in exposition an illustration
may involve a simple narrative. Being able to tell a story, then, while
not the primary concern of the expository writer, is a skill which he
or she will now and again be called upon to use.
Giving Instructions
Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order
that other person does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative
to other people for to do or not to do something, Giving instruction
sometimes called comperative/prohibition.
NOTE:
The tense used in giving instruction is “SIMPLE PRESENT”
1.use verb as commanding word in the form of infinitive without to :
Examples:
Ø Sit down.
Ø Sweep the floor.
Ø Clean the whiteboard.
2.use Be + Adjective or noun or adverb :
Examples:
· Be careful!
· Be quite!
· Be on time1
3.use the word Don’t + infinitive verb :
* Don’t climb!
* Don’t do it!
* Don’t let them in…
4.To make the instruction be politer, we can used please that put in front of sentences or back.
~ Please, wake up. / Wake up, please.
~ Please, be quite. / Be quite, please.
~ Please, do your homework. / Do your homework. Please
.
.
Definition :
1. Noun, an arrangement to meet a person or be at place at a certain time
2. Noun, the act of placing in a job/position
3. Noun, the person who receives such as job/position
4. Noun, the job/position to which such as a person is appointed
Here are some expressions of Appointment :
*How to Making an Appointment :
· I’d like to make an appointment with David
· I want to make an appointment to see Andy
· I’d like to you come and see
· Can I come and see you?
· What about….
*How to Accepting an Appointment :
· All right, see you there
· No problem, I’m free on…. (Monday)
· Be there on time
· I’ll wait for you
· It’s a deal
*How to Cancelling an Appointment :
· I’m terrible sorry, I have to put off my appointment
· I’m sorry, I’m very busy
· I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with Piko tomorrow afternoon
· I’m sorry, I can’t
*How to Changing an Appointment :
· What about… (Sunday, at 04.00 p.m)
· Is that O.K, if we meet at café
· Could we change the schedule of meeting?
· Do you have another time this morning?
Example :
Example of dialog :
EKA : "Hi, are you busy this evening?"
TRI SAKTI : "No. What's up?"
EKA : "How about, we go to see a movie?"
TRI SAKTI : "O.K. What time?"
EKA : "At 5 p.m"
TRI SAKTI : I'm sorry, I can't this evening at 5 p.m, what about 8 p.m?
I must go to my aunt's house at 5 p.m."
EKA : "O.K No Problem. I wait for you."
TRI SAKTI : "That would be great !!
"
Giving Attention
Giving Attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay attention to that we went to.
Here are some expressions of Gaining Attention :
· Attention, please!
· May I have your attention, please?
· Excuse me, look here !!
· Listen to me, please
· Waiter ?
· I’m sorry, but…
· Wow really ?
· Look at the board, please?
· Hello !! Can you quiet?
Respond :
* Yes,what ?
* Ok...
* It's amazing !
* I'm sorry,but....
* Wow,really ?
* What happen then ?
* It so good news !
* I'm listening !
EXMPLE:
EKA : "Atin,attention please ?"
SAKTI : "Yes,what ?"
EKA : "Can you help me ?"
SAKTI: "I'm sorry,but now I do my homework ."
