bahasa inggris

Greeting

Sapaan/greetings

Sesama teman umumnya hanya saling mengucapkan “Hi”. Kemudian mereka juga sering melontarkan pertanyaan umum semisal:
“How are you?” (yang disebut guru saya tidak kreatif)
“How are you doing?” (tidak formal)
“How’s it going?” (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“How’s tricks?” (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“How are things? (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“Haven’t seen you for ages” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“Great to see you again” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“How’s life?” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“Watcha!” (sangat tidak formal dan hanya digunakan untuk teman dekat)
“What’s up?” (sangat tidak formal dan hanya digunakan untuk teman dekat)
“How do you do?” (formal)
“Good day, Sir/Madam!” (sangat formal)

Pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti ini umumnya dijawab dengan jawaban yang positif, seperti:
“Fine” (yang juga disebut guru saya monoton)
“Pretty good”
“Not bad”
“Can’t complain”
“Never been better”
“Fabulous”
“Fantastic”
Sebaiknya, setelah melontarkan jawaban ini, Anda mengucapkan terima kasih. Misalnya, ucapkanlah “Not bad, thanks.” Praktek ini sangat umum di kalangan para penutur asli.
Sedangkan, untuk menyapa orang yang belum Anda kenal, lebih pantas menggunakan “Hello.” Untuk situasi yang lebih formal, gunakan “Good morning / afternoon / evening.”
Lawan bicara Anda umumnya akan menjawab dengan greetings yang sama dengan yang Anda lontarkan sebelumnya – kecuali bila sebelumnya Anda melontarkan greetings berupa pertanyaan. Bila Anda mengucapkan “Hello,” lawan bicara Anda akan membalas dengan “Hello.” Bila Anda mengucapkan “Good morning,” lawan bicara Anda juga akan membalas dengan “Good morning.”
Ada satu pengecualian di sini, yaitu untuk “How do you do?”. “How do you do?” merupakan sapaan yang cukup formal dalam British English. Balasan untuk sapaan ini adalah dengan mengulang kembali pertanyaan tersebut. Terkesan aneh memang, tetapi begitulah aturan tak tertulisnya. “How do you do?” sebenarnya bukan merupakan pertanyaan. Kalimat tersebut memiliki arti yang sama dengan “Hello.”

Ucapan selamat tinggal

Penting juga untuk mengucapkan selamat tinggal saat Anda akan pergi. Berikut adalah ucapan selamat tinggal untuk situasi informal:
“Goodbye” atau “Bye”
“See you (later)”
“Later”
Untuk situasi formal:
“Good morning / afternoon / evening”
“It was a pleasure seeing you”
“Goodbye”
“Good night” (umumnya setelah lewat pukul 8 malam)

Anouncement

PENGERTIAN ANNOUNCEMENT

Pengertian Announcement
Announcement berasal dari kata announce; dalam bahasa Inggris kata kerja announce bermakna "make a formal public declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention. Jadi bisa dikatakan "announcement" bermakna pemberitahuan fakta, kejadian atau niat, baik tertulis atau terucap yang disampaikan kepada publik.
Salah satu materi kelas X adalah Announcement. Berikut ini adalah contoh teks dan pertanyaan yang bisa dibacakan oleh guru sebagai latihan Listening untuk siswa. Sebelumnya, guru bisa memperkenalkan kata-kata yang dianggap sulit kepada siswa.
Text 1
Attention, please!
Continental executive bus will be leaving for Bukit Tinggi through Pekan Baru at 14.40. would passengers now board the bus?
Text 2
Beta supermarket New Year sale. We offer special prices for the following items only for a week. You can get one kilo of sugar, regular price: Rp. 6.800,- for only Rp. 5.000 rupiah. Ten kilograms of rice, regular price: Rp. 70.000,- for only 50.000,- Don’t miss it.
Text 3
Thank you for visiting our show room. Here, we are going to show you a new product. A fantastic vacuum cleaner and how it works. First, fix the hose. Plug the cord into the socket. Then start the vacuum cleaner by pushing the on button. No sweeping no wasting time.

Sympathy

Simpati merupakan perpanjangan dari kepedulian empatik, atau persepsi, pemahaman, dan reaksi terhadap tekanan atau kebutuhan manusia lain [1]. Ini keprihatinan empatik didorong oleh perubahan sudut pandang, dari perspektif pribadi untuk perspektif kelompok lain atau individu yang membutuhkan. Empati dan simpati sering digunakan secara bergantian, tetapi dua istilah memiliki asal-usul yang berbeda dan makna [2] Empati mengacu pada pemahaman dan berbagi keadaan emosional tertentu dengan orang lain.. Simpati, bagaimanapun, tidak memerlukan pembagian keadaan emosional yang sama. Sebaliknya, simpati adalah kekhawatiran untuk kesejahteraan lain. Meskipun simpati mungkin dimulai dengan berempati dengan emosi yang sama orang lain adalah perasaan, simpati dapat diperpanjang dengan negara lainnya emosional.


 Sympathy is an extension of empathic concern, or the perception, understanding, and reaction to the distress or need of another human being.^[1] This empathic concern is driven by a switch in viewpoint, from a personal perspective to the perspective of another group or individual who is in need. Empathy and sympathy are often used interchangeably, but the two terms have distinct origins and meanings.^[2] Empathy refers to the understanding and sharing of a specific emotional state with another person. Sympathy, however, does not require the sharing of the same emotional state. Instead, sympathy is a concern for the well-being of another. Although sympathy may begin with empathizing with the same emotion another person is feeling, sympathy can be extended to other emotional states.

Advertisement

Advertisement text? maksudnya iklan dengan menggunakan teks?
 iklan sebenarnya tidak hanya berupa teks saja; dengan semakin banyaknya media informasi, advertisement (iklan) kini sangat beragam, bisa berupa gambar, audio, video, audio-video, flash banner, dll.

Dalam pelajaran bahasa Inggris, advertisement, adalah salah satu short functional text yang sering ditugaskan guru kepada siswa tingkat menengah, benar tidak? :)

Pelajaran membuat advertisement menjadi sangat penting melihat perkembangan dunia marketing di Indonesia yang semakin pesat saja. Suatu saat juga sobat "mungkin" merasakan pentingnya iklan; jadi jangan meremehkan pelajaran satu ini.

Untuk tahap awal pembelajaran pembuatan iklan, sobat hanya butuh "kata-kata sederhana", tidak usah terlalu serius memikirkan agar iklan sobat menarik, kan cuma contoh saja. Namun jika ingin membuat contoh advertisement yang lebih baik, banyak cara yang bisa sobat lakukan. Misalnya saja, membuat iklan lucu atau iklan yang kontroversial sekalipun.. intinya iklan kita bisa mengundang pembaca tertarik..

Jika advertisement tersebut tentang makanan, cobalah buat iklan yang sekiranya pembaca ingin mencicipi makanan tersebut, jika perlu tambahkan diskon harga, misalnya saja :

Nasi Goreng Mak Imah

Visit Mak Imah restaurant to get the best fried rice.

The new recipe ever made from the angel

It's tasty; with 50 % discount; You will not hungry for days!!!

Find us on 23 Sriwijaya Street,Cirebon

Jika belum bisa memilih kata-kata bahasa Inggris yang tepat, sobat bisa menggunakan bahasa Indonesia terlebih dahulu; setelah itu bisa buka kamus untuk menerjemahkannya ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Alternatif lain adalah menggunakan google translate, atau kamus online indonesia-inggris lainnya..

Untuk melengkapi pembahasan advertisement text ini, silahkan pelajari beberapa contoh teks iklan berbahasa Inggris di bawah ini :

Contoh Job Advertisement (iklan lowongan kerja)

JOB ADVERTISEMENT

Teaching Positions 2012
SMA Maya Englishindo

SMA Maya Englishindo seeks applications from suitably qualified teachers for positions commencing April 2012. Applicants are invited to visit the website for more details, including a full position description, of the position advertised below.

Teacher of English and SOSE.
Full-time permanent position.

Applications including CV and the names of three referees should be sent to: The Principal's Assistant, SMA Maya Englishindo, 22 Empty Road, Dunia Maya, 6666.

Applications close Wednesday 01 April 2012

Contoh English Course Advertisement (Iklan Kursus bahasa Inggris)

Using the best course method of teaching

With a qualified teacher

You will get the right place to learn English

Be communicative with us

Never think anymore; PRACTICE!!!

100 % money back if you can't speak English

Interested? Find us on 211 Sky Road, Jakarta.

For more details, visit us on englishindo.com

Semoga contoh advertisement di atas bisa bermanfaat... Intinya, cari kata-kata yang tepat untuk iklan sobat. Jangan sampai gadget advertisement berisi kata-kata tentang restoran!! :)

HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

Expressing happiness is that we show when we are happy or glad.

We can expressing happiness with :
¤ Word.
¤ Gesture. Kind of expressing happiness :
¤ I like.
¤ I love.
¤ I'm statisfied with ……
¤ I'm pleased with ……
¤ Congratulation.
¤ I'm very happy because ……
¤ Well down.
¤ That's fantastic !
¤ That's good !
¤ That's great !
¤ That's wonderfull !
¤ That's exciting.
¤ I'm so happy for you.
¤ I'm happy to hear that.
¤ I'm glad to know that.
¤ I'm so happy to know it.
¤ My happiness for you.
¤ I'm very happy with you.

Example of happiness expression:
Ione : I get the birthday present from my mother, yesterday !
Edhep : Fantastic! This great.  

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense menekankan pada PERFECT nya itu. Perfect kan artinya “sempurna”.
 Anda menekankan pada “SUDAH” nya itu maka gunakanlah Present Perfect Tense ini. Contoh yang paling mengena misalnya: Dia baru saja pergi (She has just gone).

Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense begini:
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya:   Have/has + S + V3

Nah, setelah Subject (S) maka pakai “have” atau “has” sesuai pasangannya. Have dalam konteks ini artinya adalah: sudah, telah, barusan. Yang aneh dalam bahasa inggris Have + ES bukan Haves tetapi HAS. Jadi pasangannya begini:
He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has
You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have
Contoh Present Perfect Tense
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?
Ingat, bukan She has go, bukan pula She has going, tidak pula She has goes. “Go” itu adalah kata kerja yang bentuk ketiganya adalah “gone”. Urutan perubahan bentuk kata kerja untuk Go adalah: Go-went-gone.
Contoh lainnya:
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes
-You have read my lesson since 2 PM
Perhatikan perubahan kata kerja:
Write – wrote – written (berubah)
Read – read – read (lah kok sama? haha..)
Saya ulangi
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes.
Artinya:
Saya telah menulis pelajaran bahasa inggris selama 30 menit.
Dalam kalimat diatas, ditekankan “telah” nya itu dan sekarang sudah beres, sudah tidak lagi menulis. Tetapi jika penekanan Anda pada “30 menit yang lalunya” maka Anda gunakan Past Tense yang lebih cocok.
Contoh lainnya lagi, kalimat positif:
-I have cleaned the floor
-He has drunk milk
-You have just broken the glass
Gimana kalimat negatifnya? He has not drunk milk! Anda coba yang dua lagi ya.
Kalimat Tanya dalam Present Perfect Tense ya tinggal dibalik mawon sesuai rumus diatas tadi. Ingat jangan lupa pasangannya untuk “Have” dan “Has”.
-Has She drunk milk?

Present Tense

Dalam bahasa Inggris Present Tense atau Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian, kegiatan, aktivitas dan sebagainya yang terjadi saat ini. Present Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu Fakta, atau sesuatu yang tejadi berulang-ulang dimasa KINI. Ingat, PRESENT artinya adalah kini, sekarang.

Rumusnya ::
     Positif: S + V1 (s/es)
     Negatif: S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1
     Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1

Contoh Kalimat Positif ::
     I drink coffee
     She drinks coffe
     We drink coffee

Cara Membaca Rumus:
S artinya Subject, V1 artinya Verb1 atau kata kerja bentuk pertama. Garis miring artinya ya Atau dong!.
Kapan pakai S atau ES dan kapan tidak?
Kalau Subjectnya He, She, It, John, Mufli, Ellen atau Orang ketiga TUNGGAL maka kata kerjanya tambah S atau ES. Tidak sembarang tambah S atau ES
Di atas tadi ada istilah Orang Ketiga Tunggal, maksudnya gini: Orang ketiga adalah orang yang kita bicarakan, yang kita omongin. Sedangkan orang pertama ya yang bicara. Orang kedua lawan bicara. Tunggal ya satu. Jadi orang ketiga tunggal adalah orang yang kita bicarakan dan satu saja dia itu. Misalnya kita berdua ngomongin John Scoping. Yang ngomong saya, yang dengar Anda, yang dibicarakan John Scoping (orang ketiga tunggal).

John Scoping belajar Tenses.
John Scoping learnS english.

Tidak bisa LearnES, mengapa? ya memang begitu!. Tetapi yang ini malah tambah ES:
John Scoping goES to School (tambah ES).

Kalimat Negatif Present Tense

Bentuk Negatif, artinya menyatakan TIDAK. Maka sesuai rumus Present Tense, setelah SUBJECT ditambah DO atau DOES, baru NOT, lalu tambah kata kerja bentuk pertama tanpa S atau ES lagi. S atau ES nya dimana? Sudah di doES tadi.
Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY tambah DO
Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen tambah DOES
I do not drink coffee.
She does not drink coffee.
John Scoping does not learn english.
Coba perhatikan She does not drink coffee. Drink nya tidak pake S lagi, pindah ke doES.

Kalimat Tanya Present Tense

Kalimat tanya untuk Present Tense sesuai rumus diatas, atau saya tulis lagi seperti ini:
Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1
Sama saja pasangannya. Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY gunakan DO. Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen gunakan DOES. Contohnya begini:
Kalimat positifnya: I drink coffee
Kalimat tanya menjadi: DO you drink cofee?
Kalimat positif: She drinks coffe
Kalimat tanya: DOES She drink coffee?
Kalimat tanya seperti diatas disebut juga YES/NO Question. Karena jawabannya memang Yes atau No. Do You drink coffee? “Yes I do” jawabnya. Atau bisa bisa dijawab dengan lengkap: “Yes, I do drink coffee”. Dihilangkan DO nya juga boleh, menjadi kalimat positif lagi: “Yes I drink coffee”.

Nah, kalau tadi kan Kalimat Tanya Present Tense yang jawabannya Yes atau No doang. Gimana kalau pertanyaan yang jawabannya panjang atau yang jawabannya kalimat? Yah, tinggal tambahkan saja When, Where, Why, Who, What, dsb di depannya. Contohnya begini:
-When Do you drink coffee?
Contoh jawaban: I drink coffee everyday.
-What does she drink?
She drinks coffee la yau!

Vocabulary

Pengertian Vocabulary

Kosakata (Inggris: vocabulary) adalah himpunan kata yang diketahui oleh seseorang atau entitas lain, atau merupakan bagian dari suatu bahasa tertentu. Kosakata seseorang didefinisikan sebagai himpunan semua kata-kata yang dimengerti oleh orang tersebut atau semua kata-kata yang kemungkinan akan digunakan oleh orang tersebut untuk menyusun kalimat baru. Kekayaan kosakata seseorang secara umum dianggap merupakan gambaran dari intelegensia atau tingkat pendidikannya. Karenanya banyak ujian standar, seperti SAT, yang memberikan pertanyaan yang menguji kosakata.
Penambahan kosakata seseorang secara umum dianggap merupakan bagian penting, baik dari proses pembelajaran suatu bahasa ataupun pengembangan kemampuan seseorang dalam suatu bahasa yang sudah dikuasai. Murid sekolah sering diajarkan kata-kata baru sebagai bagian dari mata pelajaran tertentu dan banyak pula orang dewasa yang menganggap pembentukan kosakata sebagai suatu kegiatan yang menarik dan edukatif. 

Recount Tense

Recount Text atau Teks Experiences merupakan teks yang berisi dan menggambarkan pengalaman masa lalu dengan menceritakan kembali peristiwa dalam urutan yang terjadi (kronologis). Tujuan dari recount text atau experiences teks adalah untuk menceritakan kembali peristiwa dengan tujuan baik menginformasikan atau menghibur audiens.


Satu yang harus diperhatikan dalam membuat recount text adalah TENSES. Jenis tenses yang digunakan pada text model recount adalah lampau atau Simple Past Tense. Lalu bagaimana dengan struktur isi teksnya? Silahkan lihat pola umum yang biasa ditemukan dalam recount text dibawah ini:

Generic Structure of Recount

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time. (Menceritakan siapa saja yang terlibat dalam cerita, apa yang terjadi, di mana tempat peristiwa terjadi, dan kapan terjadi peristiwanya)

2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past. (Menceritakan apa yang terjadi (lagi) dan menceritakan urutan ceritanya)

3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story. ("Reorientation" berisi komentar pribadi penulis cerita dan penutup cerita / akhir cerita)

Language Feature of Recount

• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc

• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc

• Using simple past tense

Contoh Recount Text "My Horrible Experiences

Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.

Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.

Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.

When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.


Contoh / Example Recount Text "My Holiday in Bali"

When I was 2nd grade of senior high school, my friends and I went to Bali. We were there for three days. I had many impressive experiences during the vacation.

First day, we visited Sanur Beach in the morning. We saw the beautiful sunrise together. It was a great scenery. Then, we checked in to the hotel. After prepared our selves, we went to Tanah Lot. We met so many other tourists there. They were not only domestic but also foreign tourists.

Second day, we enjoyed the day on Tanjung Benoa beach. We played so many water sports such as banana boat, jetsky, speedboat etc. We also went to Penyu island to see many unique animals. They were turtles, snakes, and sea birds. We were very happy. In the afternoon, we went to Kuta Beach to see the amazing sunset and enjoyed the beautiful wave.
  The last day, we spent our time in Sangeh. We could enjoy the green and shady forest. There were so many monkies. They were so tame but sometimes they could be naughty. We could make a close interaction with them. After that, we went to Sukowati market for shopping. That was my lovely time. I bought some Bali T-Shirt and souvenirs.

In the evening, we had to check out from the hotel. We went back home bringing so many amazing memories of Bali.

Procedure Text

PENGERTIAN PROCEDURE TEXT

Ada tiga definisi "umum" mengenai procedure text : (1)Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax. (2) Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules. (3) Texts that deal with human behaviour eg how to live happily, how to succeed.

Dari keterangan di atas, dapat kita garis bawahi bahwa procedure text adalah (1) Teks yang menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu bekerja atau teks yang menjelaskan cara menggunakan pedoman instruksi / penggunaan. contoh : cara menggunakan video, komputer, mesin fotokopi, fax dll. (2) Teks yang menunjukan cara melakukan aktifitas tertentu. contoh : resep, aturan bermain game, eksperimen ilmiah, aturan keamanan berkendara. (3) Teks yang berhubungan dengan tingkah laku manusia. contoh : cara hidup bahagian, cara sukses. dll..

The purpose procedural text is to tell the reader how to do or make something. The information is presented in a logical sequence of events which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense. The most common example of a procedural text is a recipe.

Tujuan procedure text adalah memberitahu pembaca cara melakukan / membuat sesuatu. Informasi disajikan dengan urutan peristiwa yang logis. Peristiwa tersebut biasanya dibagi menjadi beberapa langkah-langkah terpisah. Teks ini biasanya ditulis menggunakan present tense. Contoh paling umum procedure text adalah resep masakan.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF PROCEDURE TEXT

Seperti halnya pengertian procedure text di atas, generic structure (susunan umum) procedure text juga ada tiga :

(1) Goal (Maksud atau tujuan)

(2) Material Needed (Materi / alat / bahan yang dibutuhkan)

(3) Methods or Steps (Metode / langkah-langkah)

Catatan : Pada procedure text yang berupa How-to ("Pokoknya berjudul how to"), kadang material needed (materi yang dibutuhkan) tidak disertakan. (aturan tidak wajib sih dan bisa diubah2 kok :)

CONTOH PROCEDURE TEXT - NASI GORENG "FRIED RICE"

Nasi goreng, "fried rice" is a familiar food from Indonesia; if you want to know how to prepare nasi goreng this is the procedure how to make nasi goreng. Just follow this explanation :

Ingredients :

• 350 gr. Long Grain Rice
• 2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil
• 3 Eggs
• 1 Onion
• 2 Green Chillis, Sambal Ulek or Sambal Badjak.
• 1 Garlic Clove
• 1 Leek
• 1 teaspoon Ground Coriander
• 1 teaspoon Ground Cumin
• 250 gr. Chicken meat
• 250 gr. Shelled Prawns
• 3 Tbs. Kecap Manis

Steps :

This dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh batch and leave it to cool for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make into a omelette, slice into strips and set aside. Heat the oil in a wok or large frying pan. Add the chopped onion, leek, garlic and chillis. Fry until the onion is soft. Add the Coriander and Cumin. Slice Chicken into strips and add with the prawns to the onion mixture and cook, stirring occasionally until they are well mixed. Add the rice, soya sauce and omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes.Decorate with some of the leftover leek and serve hot. Enjoy. 

CONTOH PROCEDURE TEXT - HOW TO RIDE A BICYCLE

• Sitting on the bike, make sure you know where the brakes are and how to operate them.

• You have to learn to balance the bike. Find a person who can hold your bike behind you and try to steady it as you pedal. Also find a place to ride that is grassy or such.

• After practicing for a couple minutes, the person can release his or her hands while you try to keep your balance.

• When you are ready, ride alone. But first lower the seat until you can sit on it and put both feet flat on the ground.

• When you are confident you can put your feet on the pedals and coast for a few feet, try not putting your feet down to train your sense of balance. Do this for 30-45 minutes or so, until you have a good feel and some confidence about steering the bike.

• As you gain experience, raise the seat up so that only your toes can touch the ground while you are seated. This is the more appropriate height for your seat.

• Finally, you have to practice.

• Once you can balance, pedal, start, and stop, you're a bicycle rider. Congratulations!

Untuk sementara, contoh-contoh procedure text hanya bisa disajikan dua saja. Semoga bisa disajikan lebih banyak lagi agar sobat bisa mengetahui cara membuat dan mempraktikkan procedure text. :)

Narrative Text

Narrative Text / Penjelasan & Contoh

Pernah mendapat tugas membuat narrative text? Atau sedang membuat skripsi bahasa Inggris dengan variable narrative text? Santai saja, di sini akan dijelaskan secara singkat mengenai teks naratif.

Narrative text, dalam mata kuliah writing and composition biasanya disebut narration, adalah salah satu jenis teks dalam sebuah bahasa. Biasanya, narrative text (teks naratif) berisi tentang cerita--baik cerita fiksi, cerita non-fiksi, dongeng, cerita rakyat, cerita binatang / fabel dll, pokoknya semua hal tentang cerita ya narrative namanya... :-)

Pengertian Narrative Text

Disebutkan bahwa A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people (teks narasi adalah cerita imaginatif yang bertujuan menghibur orang). 

Jika melihat pada kamus bahasa Inggris, secara harfiah narrative bermakna (1) a spoken or written account of connected events; a story. (2) the narrated part of a literary work, as distinct from dialogue. (3) the practice or art of narration. 

(Narrative bermakna : 1. sebuah cerita baik terucap atau tertulis tentang peristiwa-peristiwa yang berhubungan. 2. bagian yang diceritakan dalam sebuah karya sastra, berbeda dengan dialog. 3. Praktik atau seni bercerita)

Jika disimpulkan, maka sebuah narrative text adalah teks yang berisi sebuah cerita baik tertulis ataupun tidak tertulis dan terdapat rangkaian peristiwa yang saling terhubung.

Generic Structure dari Narrative Text

Bagi sobat yang masih duduk di bangku sekolah tingkat menengah, penjelasan mengenai narrative texts tak usah sulit-sulit ya.. Intinya, narrative text ini mempunyai struktur / susunan seperti di bawah ini : 

• Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana) 

• Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)

• Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, --- secara baik "happy ending" ataupun buruk "bad ending".

Kadangkala susunan (generic structure) narrative text bisa berisi: Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution dan Reorientation. Meski “Evaluation” dan “Reorientation” merupakan optional; bisa ditambahkan dan bisa tidak. Evaluation berisi penilaian/evaluasi terhadap jalannya cerita atau konflik. Sedangkan Reorientation berisi penyimpulan isi akhir cerita.

Jika sudah mahir membuat cerita narrative, susunannya bisa diubah-ubah kok, yang terpenting bagian-bagian di atas masih tetap ada dalam tulisan narrative sobat. 

Grammar Used dalam Narrative Text

Grammar (tata bahasa) yang sering muncul dalam membuat narrative text adalah:

Menggunakan tenses "Past", baik simple, past perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, atau bisa saja past future continuous. (aturan ini bukan aturan wajib yang mutlak harus dipenuhi )

Contoh Narrative Text (1)

Sincere Will Get a Great Return

Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Auretto, all people lived peacefully there. One of them was Charlita, the king’s daughter who was assumed as the most beautiful and kindest Princess of Auretto.

One day, Charlita looked blue. Because of that her father got confused. “What’s the matter my beautiful daughter? Why are you so sad?” asked King Fernando. Charlita was just silent. She did not say anything.

Then, King Fernando decided to make a competition to cheer Charlita again. After that, the palace representative announce: “I will make a competition. The aim is to make my daughter, Princess Charlita to be happy and laugh again. Everyone who can do it, will get a prize. It will be held tomorrow when the sun rises. Sign: King Fernando.”

The following morning, everybody came to the palace, tried to give their best performance. They seemed happy and laugh, but not for Princess Charlita. She was just silent and still looked sad.

King Fernando started to give up. No one amused his daughter. Then, there came a young handsome man. “Excuse me King Fernando. I would like to join your competition. But, would you mind if I took Princess Charlita for a walk?” said the young man gently. “As long as you make my daughter be happy again, it will totally alright.” said King Fernando. The young handsome man took Princess Charlita for a walk in a beautiful blue lake with a green forest around it. Princess Charlita smiled and looked happy after that. Every body looked happy, too. “I know why are you so my beautiful daughter. Now, I promise I will environment green. I regret for always destroying it. Finally, the environment around the kingdom became so beautiful and green, full of plants. Then, the young handsome man got a prize from the king. “I will marry you off my daughter.” said him. “That is the prize I promise for you. Thanks for keeping our environment well. Thanks for making my daughter happy again.”

Contoh Narrative Text (2)

The Legend of Rawa Pening

Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.

Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.

Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.

Penjelasan Narrative Text (untuk tingkat Mahir)

 

Untuk mengetahui definisi dan penjelasan tentang narration (narrative text) sobat mahasiswa dan mahasiswi bisa membaca buku buku tentang writing di perpustakaan terdekat dan terlengkap, dan disini saya hanya akan mengutipkan pendapat Thomas S. Kane (2000: 363-364) di bawah ini:

A narrative is a meaningful sequence of events told in words. It is sequential in that the events are ordered, not merely random. Sequence always involves an arrangement in time (and usually other arrangements as well). A straightforward movement from the first event to the last constitutes the simplest chronology. However, chronology is sometimes complicated by presenting the events in another order: for example, a story may open with the final episode and then flash back to all that preceded it.

A narrative has meaning in that it conveys an evaluation of some kind. The writer reacts to the story he or she tells, and states or implies that reaction. This is the "meaning," sometimes called the "theme," of a story. Meaning must always be rendered. The writer has to do more than tell us the truth he sees in the story; he must manifest that truth in the characters and the action.

Characters and action are the essential elements of any story. Also important, but not as essential, is the setting, the place where the action occurs. Characters are usually people—sometimes actual people, as in history books or newspaper stories, sometimes imaginary ones, as in novels. Occasionally characters are animals (as in an Aesop fable), and sometimes a dominant feature of the environment functions almost like a character (the sea, an old house).

The action is what the characters say and do and anything that happens to them, even if it arises from a nonhuman source—a storm, for instance, or a fire. Action is often presented in the form of a plot. Action is, so to speak, the raw material; plot, the finished product, the fitting together of the bits and pieces of action into a coherent pattern. Usually, though not invariably, plot takes the form of a cause-and effect chain: event A produces event B; B leads to C; C to D; and so on until the final episode, X. In a well-constructed plot of this kind we can work back from X to A and see the connections that made the end of the story likely and perhaps inevitable.

Stories can be very long and complicated, with many characters, elaborate plots, and subtle interpenetration of character, action, and setting. In writing that is primarily expository, however, narratives are shorter and simpler. Most often they are factual rather than imaginary, as when an historian describes an event. And often in exposition an illustration may involve a simple narrative. Being able to tell a story, then, while not the primary concern of the expository writer, is a skill which he or she will now and again be called upon to use.

Giving Instructions

Giving Instructions

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.
NOTE:
The tense used in giving instruction is “SIMPLE PRESENT”  1.use verb as commanding word in the form of infinitive without to :
Examples:
Ø Sit down.
Ø Sweep the floor.
Ø Clean the whiteboard.  2.use Be + Adjective or noun or adverb :
Examples:
· Be careful!
· Be quite!
· Be on time1  3.use the word Don’t + infinitive verb :
* Don’t climb!
* Don’t do it!
* Don’t let them in…  4.To make the instruction be politer, we can used please that put in front of sentences or back.
~ Please, wake up. / Wake up, please.
~ Please, be quite. / Be quite, please.
~ Please, do your homework. / Do your homework. Please

.

            . 

Appointment

Definition :

1.      Noun, an arrangement to meet a person or be at place at a certain time

2.      Noun, the act of placing in a job/position

3.      Noun, the person who receives such as job/position

4.      Noun, the job/position to which such as a person is appointed

Here are some expressions of Appointment :

*How to Making an Appointment :

·         I’d like to make an appointment with David

·         I want to make an appointment to see Andy

·         I’d like to you come and see

·         Can I come and see you?

·         What about….

*How to Accepting an Appointment :

·          All right, see you there

·         No problem, I’m free on…. (Monday)

·         Be there on time

·         I’ll wait for you

·         It’s a deal

*How to Cancelling an Appointment :

·         I’m terrible sorry, I have to put off my appointment

·         I’m sorry, I’m very busy

·         I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with Piko tomorrow afternoon

·         I’m sorry, I can’t

*How to Changing an Appointment :

·         What about… (Sunday, at 04.00 p.m)

·         Is that O.K, if we meet at café

·         Could we change the schedule of meeting?

·         Do you have another time this morning?

Example :

Example of dialog :



EKA : "Hi, are you busy this evening?"

TRI SAKTI : "No. What's up?"

EKA : "How about, we go to see a movie?"

TRI SAKTI : "O.K. What time?"

EKA : "At 5 p.m"

TRI SAKTI : I'm sorry, I can't this evening at 5 p.m, what about 8 p.m?

I must go to my aunt's house at 5 p.m."

EKA : "O.K No Problem. I wait for you."

TRI SAKTI :  "That would be great !!"

Giving Attention

Giving Attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay attention to that we went to.

Here are some expressions of Gaining Attention :

·         Attention, please!

·         May I have your attention, please?

·         Excuse me, look here !!

·         Listen to me, please

·         Waiter ?

·         I’m sorry, but…

·         Wow really ?

·         Look at the board, please?

·         Hello !! Can you quiet?

Respond :

* Yes,what ? 
* Ok...  
* It's amazing ! 
* I'm sorry,but....
* Wow,really ?
* What happen then ?
* It so good news !
* I'm listening !

EXMPLE:

  EKA : "Atin,attention please ?"

SAKTI : "Yes,what ?"

EKA : "Can you help me ?"

SAKTI: "I'm sorry,but now I do my homework ."